CCL5's Role in Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review.

Persistent host inflammatory and immune responses to biofilm play a critical role in the mechanisms that govern soft and hard tissue destruction in periodontal disease. Among the less explored facets of these mechanisms are chemokines, including CCL5 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 5), also known as RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), a proinflammatory CC subfamily chemokine synthesized by T lymphocytes. Despite its importance, there is currently no comprehensive review of the role of CCL5 in periodontitis in the literature. Therefore, this paper aims to fill this gap by summarizing the existing knowledge on the involvement of CCL5 in the onset and progression of periodontitis. In addition, we aim to stimulate interest in this relatively overlooked factor among periodontitis researchers, potentially accelerating the development of drugs targeting CCL5 or its receptors. The review examines the association of CCL5 with periodontitis risk factors, including aging, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and obesity. It discusses the involvement of CCL5 in pathological processes during periodontitis, such as connective tissue and bone destruction. The data show that CCL5 expression is observed in affected gums and gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients, with bacterial activity contributing significantly to this increase, but the reviewed studies of the association between CCL5 expression and periodontal disease have yielded inconclusive results. Although CCL5 has been implicated in the pathomechanism of periodontitis, a comprehensive understanding of its molecular mechanisms and significance remains elusive, hindering the development of drugs targeting this chemokine or its receptors.

The Clinical Significance and Role of CXCL1 Chemokine in Gastrointestinal Cancers.

One area of cancer research is the interaction between cancer cells and immune cells, in which chemokines play a vital role. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the involvement of C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) chemokine (also known as growth-regulated gene-α (GRO-α), melanoma growth-stimulatory activity (MGSA)) in cancer processes is lacking. To address this gap, this review provides a detailed analysis of CXCL1's role in gastrointestinal cancers, including head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)), cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma), and colorectal cancer (colon cancer and rectal cancer). This paper presents the impact of CXCL1 on various molecular cancer processes, such as cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, lymph node metastasis, angiogenesis, recruitment to the tumor microenvironment, and its effect on immune system cells, such as tumor-associated neutrophils (TAN), regulatory T (Treg) cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and macrophages. Furthermore, this review discusses the association of CXCL1 with clinical aspects of gastrointestinal cancers, including its correlation with tumor size, cancer grade, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, and patient prognosis. This paper concludes by exploring CXCL1's potential as a therapeutic target in anticancer therapy.

Involvement in Tumorigenesis and Clinical Significance of CXCL1 in Reproductive Cancers: Breast Cancer, Cervical Cancer, Endometrial Cancer, Ovarian Cancer and Prostate Cancer.

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a member of the CXC chemokine subfamily and a ligand for CXCR2. Its main function in the immune system is the chemoattraction of neutrophils. However, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews summarizing the significance of CXCL1 in cancer processes. To fill this gap, this work describes the clinical significance and participation of CXCL1 in cancer processes in the most important reproductive cancers: breast cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer. The focus is on both clinical aspects and the significance of CXCL1 in molecular cancer processes. We describe the association of CXCL1 with clinical features of tumors, including prognosis, ER, PR and HER2 status, and TNM stage. We present the molecular contribution of CXCL1 to chemoresistance and radioresistance in selected tumors and its influence on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells. Additionally, we present the impact of CXCL1 on the microenvironment of reproductive cancers, including its effect on angiogenesis, recruitment, and function of cancer-associated cells (macrophages, neutrophils, MDSC, and Treg). The article concludes by summarizing the significance of introducing drugs targeting CXCL1. This paper also discusses the significance of ACKR1/DARC in reproductive cancers.

Favipiravir in Therapy of Viral Infections.

Favipiravir (FPV) is a novel antiviral drug acting as a competitive inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), preventing viral transcription and replication. FPV was approved in Japan in 2014 for therapy of influenza unresponsive to standard antiviral therapies. FPV was also used in the therapy of Ebola virus disease (EVD) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic parameters, toxicity, and adverse effects of FPV, as well as clinical studies evaluating the use of FPV in the therapy of influenza virus (IV) infection, EVD, and SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with its effectiveness in treating other human RNA infections.

Surface Geometry of Four Conventional Nanohybrid Resin-Based Composites and Four Regular Viscosity Bulk Fill Resin-Based Composites after Two-Step Polishing Procedure.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine the quantitative and qualitative surface structure of contemporary RBCs in posterior teeth reconstructions: regular viscosity bulk fill and conventional composites, obtained after two-stage polishing procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four conventional nanohybrid composites (Tetric EvoCeram, GrandioSO, Filtek Z550, and Ceram·X Mono) and four regular viscosity bulk fill composites (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, X-tra fil, Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior, and QuixFil) were tested. Samples of each RBC were prepared using PMMA cylindrical mold. After two-step polishing procedure, a surface geometry was evaluated under profilometry (Turbowave v. 7.36, Hommel-Etamic) and SEM (VEGA 3, Tescan Analytics). To evaluate differences between values, the following nonparametric tests were used: Friedman's ANOVA, Wilcoxon's matched-pair test, ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U. RESULTS: All conventional RBCs showed Ra values in the range of 0.20-0.26 µm. Bulk fill showed higher values in range of 0.49-1.36 µm except for Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior, which achieved 0.23 µm Ra value. SEM images of conventional RBCs were described as smooth surfaces with slight damage except for TEC, which presented smooth surface with no damage. Bulk fill composites showed rough surface, except for TBF, which presented smooth surface with slight damage. CONCLUSIONS: Regular viscosity bulk fill composites do not constitute a homogeneous group regarding surface roughness after polishing. They obtain, for the most part, poorer smoothness values after polishing than conventional RBCs.

Lack of Association Between the VEGFA Gene Rs699947 Polymorphism and Periodontal Disease.

PURPOSE: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by the infiltration of inflammatory cells as well as activation of pathological angiogenesis in gingival tissues. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a statistically significant role in the regulation of angiogenesis and induction of an inflammatory response in periodontal tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the association between the VEGFA gene rs699947 polymorphism and periodontal disease. This study enrolled 200 patients with periodontal disease (130 non-smokers and 70 smokers) and 160 control subjects (126 non-smokers and 34 smokers). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of VEGFA rs699947 genotypes and alleles between patients with periodontal disease and control subjects, also in the case when the analysis was performed in subgroups stratified according to smoking status. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest there is no association between the VEGFA gene rs699947 polymorphism and periodontal disease.

The influence of two forms of chlorhexidine on the accuracy of contemporary electronic apex locators.

BACKGROUND: Accurate determination of working length (WL) is crucial for the success of endodontic therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate solution, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate gel and 2% hypochlorite solution on the accuracy of two devices: the Raypex 5 and the ApexDal. METHODS: Twenty-nine single-rooted human teeth were used in this study. The crowns were cut horizontally and embedded in an alginate mass. In each tooth, six endodontic measurements were made using two electronic apex locators (EALs): a Raypex 5 and an ApexDal. For each EAL, measurements were taken with the following products: 2% chlorhexidine solution (CHX-S group), 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX-G group) and 2% NaOCl (NaOCl group). After performing an endodontic measurement, the endodontic instruments were stabilized with flow resin composite. Afterwards, the roots were removed from the alginate mass, and the apical one-third of each root was cut lengthways to recover the canal system. Last, the distance between the file tip and the apical foramen was measured under a microscope at 60 x magnification. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between CHX-S and NaOCl and CHX-G and NaOCl, but no significant differences were detected between CHX-S and CHX-G during the testing of both devices. No statistically significant differences were observed between the Raypex 5 and ApexDal for all intracanal media tested. CONCLUSION: The EALs Raypex 5 and ApexDal had higher accuracy in the anatomical foramen of the root containing chlorhexidine in the gel or in the solution form than in the canal containing sodium hypochlorite.

Analysis of Base Monomer Elution from 3 Flowable Bulk-Fill Composite Resins Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the elution of BisGMA, UDMA, TEGDMA, and HEMA monomers from flowable bulk fill composite resins with different resin matrix compositions, polymerized in 4-mm-thick layers, into 3 elution media. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three bulk-fill (SDR® (SDR), X-tra base (XB) and BEAUTIFIL-Bulk Flowable (BF)) resin-composites were tested. Cylindrical samples were immersed in 100% ethanol, 75% ethanol, and distilled water. The concentrations of the monomers were measured using the HLPC method (Agilent Technologies 1200 Series) after 1 and 24 h, as well as after 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. RESULTS After polymerization of the tested resins, there was elution of the BisGMA, UDMA, TEGDMA, and HEMA monomers from the SDR and BF composites, but none of the tested monomers could be detected eluting from XB. The highest penetrations of the polymerized SDR and BF composites were observed in the 100% ethanol solution. This extraction medium eluted the highest amounts of free monomers. Some eluted monomers were not described in the composites Material Safety Data Sheets. CONCLUSIONS The elution of the residual monomers depended on the resin composition and the materials filler/resin matrix ratio. In composite materials, toxicity assessment should be carried out, and should consider both the material composition as given by the manufacturer, and also the residual monomers that elute from the polymerized material. The elution concentration and time of monomers from composites depended on the solvent used. The highest penetrations of the polymerized SDR and BF composites were observed in the 100% ethanol solution, and this extraction medium eluted the highest amounts of free monomers. The 75% ethanol was a more aggressive medium than water in terms of monomer elution from bulk fill composites.

Clinical and Histological Evaluation of Direct Pulp Capping on Human Pulp Tissue Using a Dentin Adhesive System.

Objective. This study presents a clinical and histological evaluation of human pulp tissue responses after direct capping using a new dentin adhesive system. Methods. Twenty-eight caries-free third molar teeth scheduled for extraction were evaluated. The pulps of 22 teeth were mechanically exposed and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: Single Bond Universal or calcium hydroxide. Another group of 6 teeth acted as the intact control group. The periapical response was assayed, and a clinical examination was performed. The teeth were extracted after 6 weeks, and a histological analysis was performed. The pulp status was assessed, and the thickness of the dentin bridge was measured and categorized using a histological scoring system. Results. The clinical phase was asymptomatic for Single Bond Universal patients. Patients in the calcium hydroxide group reported mild symptoms of pain, although the histological examination revealed that dentin bridges with or without limited pulpitis had begun forming in each tooth. The universal adhesive system exhibited nonsignificantly increased histological signs of pulpitis (P > 0.05) and a significantly weaker thin mineralized tissue layer (P < 0.001) compared with the calcium hydroxide group. Conclusion. The results suggest that Single Bond Universal is inappropriate for human pulp capping; however, further long-term studies are needed to determine the biocompatibility of this agent.

The Influence of Irradiation Time and Layer Thickness on Elution of Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate from SDR® Bulk-Fill Composite.

Objective. This study aimed to evaluate triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) elution from SDR bulk-fill composite. Methods. Three groups of samples were prepared, including samples polymerized in a 4 mm layer for 20 s, in a 4 mm layer for 40 s, and in a 2 mm layer for 20 s. Elution of TEGDMA into 100% ethanol, a 75% ethanol/water solution, and distilled water was studied. The TEGDMA concentration was measured using HPLC. Results. The TEGDMA concentration decreased in the following order: 100% ethanol > 75% ethanol > distilled water. Doubling the energy delivered to the 4 mm thick sample caused decrease (p < 0.05) in TEGDMA elution to distilled water. In ethanol solutions, the energy increase had no influence on TEGDMA elution. Decreasing the sample thickness resulted in decrease (p < 0.05) in TEGDMA elution for all the solutions. Conclusions. The concentration of eluted TEGDMA and the elution time were both strongly affected by the hydrophobicity of the solvent. Doubling the energy delivered to the 4 mm thick sample did not decrease the elution of TEGDMA but did decrease the amount of the monomer available to less aggressive solvents. Elution of TEGDMA was also correlated with the exposed sample surface area. Clinical Relevance. Decreasing the SDR layer thickness decreases TEGDMA elution.

Elution study of unreacted TEGDMA from bulk-fill composite (SDR™ Dentsply) using HPLC.

PURPOSE: The study evaluates the dynamics of unreacted TEGDMA monomer elution from new generation of flowable bulk fill composite resin (SDR™ Dentsply). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Polymerised specimens of SDR™ composite (7mm diameter and 4mm thick) were placed in four solutions: 100% ethanol, 75% ethanol, distilled water and 100% methanol. The concentration of the eluted TEGDMA was measured using the HLPC method after 0.5, 1, 2 and 3h as well as after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 31 days. RESULTS: During the first 24h of storage in each medium, a significant elution of TEGDMA was observed (100% ethanol - 12.5µg/g, 75% ethanol - 8.4µg/g, distilled water - 5.4µg/g and 100% methanol - 7µg/g). The elution time of the TEGDMA into 100% ethanol, 75% ethanol, distilled water and 100% methanol was 14, 7, 3 and 1 day, respectively. After 31 days, total concentrations of TEGDMA were as follows: 100% ethanol - 16µg/g, 75% ethanol - 9.4µg/g, distilled water - 6µg/g and 100% methanol - 7µg/g. CONCLUSIONS: The TEGDMA was released from the SDR™ composite into each solution used. The TEGDMA concentration and the time of its elution depend on the type of the solvent. In an aqueous environment, the SDR™ composite exhibits a high chemical stability compared to other solutions. The direct toxicity towards to the dental pulp is established during the first hours after the placement of resin.

Perforating internal root resorption repaired with mineral trioxide aggregate caused complete resolution of odontogenic sinus mucositis: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: An extensive perforating internal root resorption accompanied by apical periodontitis and odontogenic sinus mucositis was detected on preoperative cone-beam computed tomographic scans in a first maxillary molar. METHODS: After the chemomechanical debridement of the root canals, calcium hydroxide was placed as a temporary dressing for 7 days. Mineral trioxide aggregate was used to fill the perforation site with the aid of a surgical microscope. At the next visit, the root with the resorption defect was filled with warm vertical compaction of gutta-percha. RESULTS: A control cone-beam computed tomographic scan acquired 6 months after the endodontic treatment revealed complete resolution of the sinus retention cyst. Moreover, the patient's frequent otolaryngologic disturbances ceased. The tooth was functional with satisfactory clinical and radiographic results after 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this case, successful repair of an extensive, perforating internal resorption with mineral trioxide aggregate may lead to complete resolution of apical periodontitis and maxillary sinus retention cyst.

[Dentinal hypersensivity after vertical stripping of enamel]. / Ocena wrazliwosci zebiny po szlifowaniu pionowym szkliwa.

INTRODUCTION: Vertical stripping of enamel in patients with minor or moderate crowding of teeth and Angle's class I is an effective method which supplements orthodontic treatment. Stripping is an alternative to tooth extraction or to extension of alveolar arches which carries the risk of recurrence of crowding and further periodontal difficulties. Stripping also shortens considerably the duration of treatment. Apart from unquestionable advantages, enamel reduction may lead to complications such as caries or hypersensitivity of interproximal surfaces of stripped teeth. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypersensitivity and to measure the intensity of pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a verbal and visual assessment of pain in a group of 32 patients who underwent stripping during the recent few years as part of orthodontic treatment. RESULTS: According to verbal assessment, the highest percentage (46.9%) of patients rated their pain as 1 (gentle pain) which corresponded to 1-3 cm on the 10 cm Visual Analog Scale. 37.5% of patients reported no pain. CONCLUSION: None of the patients described their pain as very strong and discouraging from further treatment. All symptoms subsided without recurrence. The patients found this method to be more effective than alternative ones.

[Mineral trioxide aggregate in the pulp capping treatment tooth]. / Mineral trioxide aggregate w leczeniu zranienia miazgi.

INTRODUCTION: Therapeutic procedure for the treatment of tooth pulp exposure or pulp injury is a conservative treatment using direct pulp capping. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Achievements to date in biological pulp treatment and the case of treatment of tooth pulp injury by odontotropic preparation Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (ProRoot MTA, Dentsply Maillefer, U.S.A.) has been presented in this paper. Applied treatment consisted in total processing of cariotic cavity, covering the place of cavity with compomer Dyract and composite Herculite (SDS, Kerr, U.S.A.) material. Pulp of a treated tooth remained its vitality during control study and pathological changes of pulp and within adjacent periapical tissues were not detected by means of an X-ray photography. RESULTS: After 12 months of observation a positive therapeutic result of pulp vitality preservation in a tooth was achieved.

Fluoride concentration in superficial enamel layers of permanent teeth in children residing in areas with different levels of environmental pollution with fluorine compounds.

The concentration of fluoride in superficial layers of enamel of permanent teeth was studied in 14-year-old children residing in Szczecin and Bialystok-two cities differing regarding the level of environmental fluorine pollution. It was found that higher environmental pollution with fluorine favors the accumulation of this element in superficial layers of enamel in the form of structural fluoride. Total and structural fluoride concentration decreased with layer depth.